Coalitions in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coalitions in Europe - Essay Example Discussing the history of coalitions, it is important to look through and analyze all the pros and cons of this approach. Analyzing the examples of two countries, the given paper will prove that coalition is not the best form of government for all the European states. Considering the importance of coalitions in Europe, it is essential to discuss the experience of England. Twice in its history England had to make difficult choice related to the formation of coalition government. The first time was after the World War II and the second in 2010, when David Cameron was the Prime Minister of the UK. Speaking about the after war period, it is essential to mention that human factor played a very important role, when the consequences of war such as great panic were considered. Introducing changes into the governmental system seemed the only correct and appropriate decision. According to David Cameron, the economic setback was the reason or motive force for this decision. No one can state for sure that this method or change could be beneficial for country in general. However, â€Å"the coalition could, and should, embark on new reforms, chipping away at the green belts that constrain development around big cities, for example. But its main task is to see through the revolution that it started in 2010. The programme is hugely ambitious, especially given the lack of money available. It is also broadly right—and some reforms that are not right, such as the elected police commissioners, cannot now be reversed. Even health reform can be rescued. Finishing the job would be good for Britain† (Britain’s coalition government. Divided they fall) Zakocs and Edwards state that in case when single party does not gain the majority during the elections, the variant with creating a different parties coalition and as a result provide the parliamentary support is the best one. Coalition is the most typical form of governments in Europe. This tendency is pretty unders tandable as all the political powers tend to fight for every seat in the parliament and by the means of coalition they obtain the possibility to get most of them. Ireland, Italy and Germany have the coalition government. The main dispute that arises is what is more favorable for country and what type is the most suitable. â€Å"Quite generally, a priori indices of voting power aim to illustrate the influence of actors deriving from weighted voting schemes. In their more traditional forms, they do not attempt – as this sometimes appears to be assumed – to provide a measure for the â€Å"effective power† of actors in a specific policy situation and policy domain. This latter aim can generally better be pursued by approaches related to the spatial theory of voting, assuming specific constellations in the distribution of preferences among actors and institutions† (Bilal & Hosli, 1999). Analyzing England as an example it is possible to make a conclusion that i n difficult times the tendency to create coalitions appeared in order to overcome these difficulties. Certainly, there are explanations for such behavior or pattern. One of them is wish or necessity to work or better to say to interact with one another, like one team. According to Marie Hojnacki, â€Å"This [strategic engagement in coalitions] is especially true today because the growth in the number and diversity of organized interests in national politics has made it more difficult for any one group to dominate the decisions made within a particular policy area. To be effective, rational group leaders must choose strategies that enhance their chances for advocacy success.†

Business information and their sources Essay Example for Free

Business information and their sources Essay This report aims to show the different forms of information used in HM. It will tell us if we need to improve on any of our methods of communication, or if we need to enhance any methods we use. Internal information is when it can be found from inside the business, such as previous sales records. External information is when the information needs to be found from outside the company, for example in books or customer feedback forms. Primary information is when you have received the information fist hand, either through a report or through surveys. We need internal information for evidence so nothing is mis interpreted within the business. Internal information can be previous records, we need these to write reports and to make sure the business isn’t at a loss. HM need external information to monitor new trends so we can stay ahead of fashion. We do this by getting our internal and external customers to complete questionnaires. It is important that we do this so our customers always stay interested in the clothes that we have on offer so we do not lose any business. Combining internal and external information is very effective because your ideas can be expanded by using existing ideas but with our own unique twist. So we can take an existing idea on a clothing range, but then add something to it based on the feedback and ideas we get from our customers. Internal information can be more important for HM than external information because it includes private details and information of the company that cannot be found anywhere else. This would be needed if we were to start a sale because we’d have to know what products are not selling well to put them in the sale. However, external information can be seen as more important that internal information because it includes new information from customer feedback. This is much needed because it would help our business form fresh ideas and to help us move forward. Internal information cannot help us do this. HM need primary information to help the business run smoother and gain new  ideas. We can do this by getting surveys from the public to get more ideas on things we can sell or do in store. Primary information is very useful because it can be used for a lot of different things, for example customer service or new clothing ranges. Also it is usually very reliable because you have created it. Secondary information can also be used to gain new ideas. We can use secondary information to do this because the information has already been created so we could just expand on the information to make it unique and our own. A combination of primary and secondary information is important because it means that we can monitor our own records and also monitor our competitor’s records so that we can always try to stay on top. Primary can be more important than secondary information because we are actually creating the informatio9n so it is 100% reliable whereas secondary information is not always be reliable because it was created by an unknown source. Verbal information is when it can be spoken, for example a phone call. In our company, we give verbal information to our staff and customers. We verbally give information to our staff because it is quick and easy. Written information is written down to pass information, for example a letter or email. We use written information to communicate because it can be used as confirmation and it is harder to be forgotten if you have it written down. We also give written confirmation to our customers all the time, for example receipts. We do this so there is proof of purchase and there is no mis understanding between the business and the customers. Multimedia can be shown through moving adverts or audio. It is a very effective way to present information because it engages the reader a lot more than a bit of writing on a piece of paper. We use multimedia in different ways, for example, on our website there are videos of our products being modelled and shown on the catwalk. We use multimedia in this way so our customers will stay engaged and will be more interested in our products if they see them on top models. Using a combination of verbal and written information is more effective than just using either one of them. Having a staff meeting is quick, easy and usually there isn’t any miscommunication. To guarantee that there has been no mis communication, you can send an email after the meeting has taken place just too highlight was said in the meeting. Verbal information is  sometimes better than written information because if we needed to pass information on to our team, having a meeting where we could easily speak to them all at once is more appropriate than using written information by sending an e-mail or letter where there could be mis-communication. Written information can be better than verbal information when for example we needed to confirm a purchase with a customer. We would need to give them a type of written confirmation because if the sale was done verbally, information could easily be forgotten or mis-communication could occur. To conclude I am going to summarise this report. The way we use internal and external information is very successful because HM uses original ideas combined with ideas from customer feedback to improve the way the company functions. How primary and secondary information is used in the company is also successful. This is due to us using our own reliable information (primary) and comparing it to our competitor’s information (secondary) to monitor whether we are currently popular or not. Verbal and written information is the most effective way of transferring information within HM. This is because there is a very small chance of mis-communication if verbal and written information is given properly. To fully conclude, HM are transferring information successfully in all different ways.

Book Report On Not Without My Daughter English Literature Essay

Book Report On Not Without My Daughter English Literature Essay The main character of the book is Betty Mahmoody. She is a loving mother and is remarried with Moody. If they are going to Iran for a holiday, he refused to allow them to leave. She never thought Moody would take her there against her will, because he had sworn by the Koran that they will return to the USA after two weeks and she believed him. Betty is a strong woman who keeps having faith that she and her daughter will escape Iran and can go back to the USA some day. Moody Mahmoody: Moody is Bettys husband and he is born in Iran. In the beginning of the book he is a good husband and father, but when they are in Iran, he changed into a very bad person when he started to beat his wife and daughter. He wont let his wife and child go back to the USA and lied about it. Betty Mahmoody, a Michigan divorcee with two young sons, met and fell in love with a very nice, intellectual, Westernized doctor from Iran. He had studied and qualified in America. They were happy and eventually married, though she did not enjoy visits from his countrymen, who treated her as inferior. They had a little girl, Mahtob. After much persuasion, Betty agreed to visit Moodys family in Iran when Mahtob was four. Once there, Moody changes, becoming more domineering, Islamic and Iranian, expecting Betty to adopt the customs of his homeland. She and Mahtob become virtual prisoners wherever they live. Betty has to wear chador, completely covering herself. Some family member always spies, telling Moody her every move. She fears Moody and his family, realizing that he intends them all to stay in Iran. Little Mahtob must go to school, a dreadful place. But Betty receives help and kindness from one of the teachers who allows her to stay and help out. During these breaks from Moody, she risks all, seeking help from various strangers whom the teacher suggests. Betty grasps at anything. Even rumors that people-smugglers kill, rape and rob, then abandon their charges, do not deter her. The Swiss Embassy people have warned her; they are unable to help either. Someone gives her a lead, she connects with a woman, then a man who may help. He will not take children. Again, she must wait in fear, her hatred of Moody and what he is doing growing stronger. Finally she connects with Amahl. Betty trusts him implicitly, taking great comfort from their secret meetings. Time passes, Mahtob returns to school. For over a year they have been away from home and their loved ones. Betty is brought to pain and despair as her father is dying and she cannot go to him. Moody eventually agrees to let her go but not Mahtob. Betty refuses. He insists, his agenda being that she sell everything and bring back the money. He forces her to apply for an Iranian passport and books flights. Betty attends Islamic classes and ceremonies, trying to understand the culture she is captive in, earning trust from Moody, though he keeps the papers and passports locked in his briefcase. But the someone helping is working hard on her behalf. Through links with tribal leaders, he hopes to get Betty and Mahtob out via Pakistan. They must hurry, the flight to America looms. A tremendous snowfall in the mountains stops them a dreadful setback. Moody is more abusive and violent, the two are prisoners. Her passport awaits at the airport. Only two days remain. A chance to escape happens Moody is called to the hospital. Amahl hides them in a Tehran flat and they move the following night. There is a long drive to Tabriz, then up into the mountains, where Kurdish rebels and border patrols mean danger. They must cross into Turkey in a Red Cross Ambulance, to the city of Van in Eastern Turkey, passing from one smuggling team to another. Thus begins their journey, trusting many strangers, receiving kindness as they drive, walk, ride horseback and stumble through the rocks and snow, seeking freedom. It is an arduous flight, hampered by checkpoints, high mountains and viciously cold weather, but finally they reach Van. After 32 hours on a bus, they arrive in Ankara one full week since the journey began. Finding a hotel, they wait for morning and the final step the American Embassy. The passports are not in order, no visas or border stamps. The hotel clerk wants to report them to the police. Betty begs him to contact the Embassy at three a.m. A Marine on duty refuses to help, urging them to see the police. Betty persuades the clerk to call her mother, who contacts the State Department in Washington. When they reach the Embassy, matters are in hand, they are safe at last, on a plane home that same day! Sadly, Bettys father dies six months later. She knows nothing about her Iranian friends; contact is too dangerous for them. Borrowing money, she reimburses Amahl who helped her to freedom. He cannot escape. Mahtob has settled and does well at school. Both fear that Moody will try to snatch his daughter back. The State Department agreed that Betty should tell her story as a warning to others. There are many women and children trapped in Iran, as they were. Her powerful friends in America and Iran give her some hope of safety. She and Mahtob live under assumed names, somewhere in the U.S.A. [1] Personal evaluation. I have read this book with great pleasure. Its a sad story with a happy ending. I cant imagine that this story is true-happened. Its very exciting, because when you read the book you have no idea if they can escape or if they will die in Iran. Its unbelievable how a father can put his wife and child in such a position, how a father can beat his wife and how a family can have such a great influence on a grown-up man. The women in Iran are inferior to their husband: they have to cover their arms, legs and forehead, they must listen to their husbands and are treated like slaves. So the culture in Iran is different from our culture, it makes you aware of the problems in the world and the emancipation of women. [1] = http://www.shvoong.com/books/73262-daughter/

Gene Therapy Essay -- Genetics Science Papers

Gene Therapy I. Introduction With the human genome project now completed, identifying our DNA, the next step forward is being taken to analyze this information and apply it in a helpful context. As we discover which genes affect and trigger the different traits humans possess, new questions result pertaining to potential problems in our DNA as well as genetic enhancement opportunities. In theory, once a problem is pinpointed within a person’s DNA, there exists a possibility for correcting this defect. Gene therapy is a technique used for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. This relatively new idea sparks much controversy when societal implications are examined. Bill Joy, chief scientist and co-founder of Sun Microsystems, comments that â€Å"we can easily imagine an arms race developing over GNR [genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics] technologies, as it did with the NBC [nuclear, chemical, and biological] technologies in the 20th century†¦.This time†¦we are n't in a war †¦we are driven, instead, by our habits, our desires, our economic system, and our competitive need to know (Joy, 2000)." This paper provides an in depth look at gene therapy including a description as well as an examination of gene therapy as it affects societal issues. Faced with different applications for the recent knowledge gained in gene therapy, ethical considerations must be analyzed so that society can move forward with caution. II. Gene Therapy Review Gene therapy, with its first clinical trial in 1990, is a relatively new field that leaves much open to be explored. The idea of gene therapy focuses on locating the defective gene and treating it so that the fixed gene functions correctly by producing prot... ...e Without Wisdom: Human Genetic Engineering without Religious Insight. Christian Bioethics, 8, (2), pp147-63. â€Å"Gene Therapy†. (October 2004). Human Genome Project Information. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml#status. Joy, Bill. (April 2000). Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us. Wired, 8, (4). Silva, Fred G. (September 2002). Ethics of the New Biology and Genetic Medicine (Molecular Ethics). Pathology International, 52, (9), pp555-62. Thompson, Richard E. (May 2003). Does Patenting Genes Change the Meaning of Life? Physician Executive, 29, (3), pp40-43. Williams, D. (December 2002). Public Confidence in Medical Technology. Medical Device Technology, 13, (10), pp11-3. Wright, Richard T. (2003). Biology through the Eyes of Faith. New York : HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. Gene Therapy Essay -- Genetics Science Papers Gene Therapy I. Introduction With the human genome project now completed, identifying our DNA, the next step forward is being taken to analyze this information and apply it in a helpful context. As we discover which genes affect and trigger the different traits humans possess, new questions result pertaining to potential problems in our DNA as well as genetic enhancement opportunities. In theory, once a problem is pinpointed within a person’s DNA, there exists a possibility for correcting this defect. Gene therapy is a technique used for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. This relatively new idea sparks much controversy when societal implications are examined. Bill Joy, chief scientist and co-founder of Sun Microsystems, comments that â€Å"we can easily imagine an arms race developing over GNR [genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics] technologies, as it did with the NBC [nuclear, chemical, and biological] technologies in the 20th century†¦.This time†¦we are n't in a war †¦we are driven, instead, by our habits, our desires, our economic system, and our competitive need to know (Joy, 2000)." This paper provides an in depth look at gene therapy including a description as well as an examination of gene therapy as it affects societal issues. Faced with different applications for the recent knowledge gained in gene therapy, ethical considerations must be analyzed so that society can move forward with caution. II. Gene Therapy Review Gene therapy, with its first clinical trial in 1990, is a relatively new field that leaves much open to be explored. The idea of gene therapy focuses on locating the defective gene and treating it so that the fixed gene functions correctly by producing prot... ...e Without Wisdom: Human Genetic Engineering without Religious Insight. Christian Bioethics, 8, (2), pp147-63. â€Å"Gene Therapy†. (October 2004). Human Genome Project Information. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml#status. Joy, Bill. (April 2000). Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us. Wired, 8, (4). Silva, Fred G. (September 2002). Ethics of the New Biology and Genetic Medicine (Molecular Ethics). Pathology International, 52, (9), pp555-62. Thompson, Richard E. (May 2003). Does Patenting Genes Change the Meaning of Life? Physician Executive, 29, (3), pp40-43. Williams, D. (December 2002). Public Confidence in Medical Technology. Medical Device Technology, 13, (10), pp11-3. Wright, Richard T. (2003). Biology through the Eyes of Faith. New York : HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Sustainability Of The Salton Sea Environmental Sciences Essay

An iconic characteristic in the California desert, the Salton Sea stands as a testament to the human component. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local and planetary ecosystems prolonging marine life and supplying a much needed halt along the Pacific Flyway. During the 1950 ‘s and 60 ‘s the Salton Sea was considered the California Riviera as its shores were filled with diversion departers and famous persons. However, the Salton Sea is no longer the desert Eden it one time was. In fact in many ways it is going a liability. The increasing salt, along with the unsustainable influxs of H2O has forced hard inquiries be answered. The Southern Cross of the treatment is what should be done with the Salton Sea? While some believe the Sea should be left to nature, other believe the Sea needs to be sustained and restored. In 2003 California passed SB 277 The Salton Sea Restoration Act, which is average to reconstruct the Salton Sea utilizing the best option. While this sounds ideal, there are many complex issues confronting the Sea, many of which have significant economic branchings. However, a Restoration program is afoot which will turn to the major issues, offering a gleam of hope for an ecosystem seesawing on the border of prostration. Introduction Sparkling in the California desert the Salton Sea stands as a testament to the human component. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local ecosystem, prolonging marine life and supplying a much needed halt along the Pacific migration route. However, since its creative activity this resource has developed into a challenge, one that concerns many yet is thought of by few. Proposals have run the spectrum from making nil to making an inland sea portion via canal to the Gulf of California. Recently statute law was passed to officially reply the inquiries environing the Sea. This policy analysis will concentrate on one peculiar piece of statute law, SB 277, the Salton Sea Restoration Act of 2003, and will consistently analyze SB 277 ‘s successes, failures, and interactions. Like all issues, the fortunes environing the Salton Sea are really complex, and rely to a great extent on understanding the challenges, history and significance. History Surface H2O, in the Imperial Valley is non a recent happening. During prehistoric times, the Gulf of California extended up to the present Coachella Valley. It is believed that over clip silt sedimentations from the Colorado River easy formed a fen insulating a northern inland sea. Finally this sea evaporated go forthing behind a huge salt sedimentation and uncovering the Salton Sink. It is farther believed that since so, the Colorado River has changed class many times make fulling the Salton Sink with H2O and deposit. This rhythm of deluging resulted in the lift of the vale floor along with the deposition of fertile dirt. While there is important grounds of river oscillation and prehistoric seas and lakes, western history has little documented firsthand histories about an inland sea ( MacDougal, 1917, p. 458 ) . Alternatively, most records report an inhospitable desert ; one that holds the psyche of adult male and animal ( Kennan, 1917, p. 13 ) seeking for an alternate path to the California gold Fieldss. And while many of these travellers saw the Imperial Valley as a barren, some saw great agricultural potency. At the bend of century a great irrigation undertaking was planned and implemented amusing H2O from the Colorado River for usage in the Imperial Valley. It was an ambitious program that looked to payout large for the parties involved. There was nevertheless one issue that was non accounted for, silt. Once in the canal system the suspended silt settled, doing obstructors and cut downing volume. Many thoughts were tried to take the silt, nevertheless none proved deserving while. It was determined that the lone manner more H2O could be delivered was by making another recreation point on the Colorado River. After analyzing the river ‘s way, rainfall and flows a new headgate was installed and completed in 1905. However, this would turn out to be an exceeding twelvemonth as rainfall reached 26.6 inches, as apposed to the historic norm of 8-10 inches ( Henry, 1907, p. 245 ) . Soon the river had breached the new headgate deviating the full Colorado River into the Salton Sink for a period of about two old ages. After incorporating the Colorado River the largest lake in California had been crated stretching over 35 stat mis in length. This catastrophe displaced occupants and destroyed harvests, but one time the dust settled a hoarded wealth was revealed. As the Imperial Valley grew the Salton Sea became an built-in portion of the vale and Southern California. In 1924 President Coolidge designated the Salton Sea as a lasting drainage reservoir, which was followed in 1930 by the appellation of wildlife safety ( â€Å" Awash in History † , 2002 ) . During World War II the Sea was used as a bombing country every bit good as an alternate commercial fishing country for coastal fishermen who were worried about German pigboats ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . After WWII the Salton Sea became a recreational Eden in the desert offering changeless sunlight, warm H2O, unfastened infinite, and exceeding athletics fishing. During the 1950 ‘s the Salton Sea contained Covina, Sargo, and Croaker which provided diversion for people and nutrient for wildlife. The Salton Sea was genuinely a gem in the desert ; and times were good as developers built commercial and residential constructions ( Pearce, 2003, p. 48 ) . However, this aureate age would be short lived as inundations and environmental concerns damaged belongings and drove visitants off. Eventually building stopped, towns were abandoned, and wildlife started to decease. Problem It is understood that the Salton Sea is in problem. Salinity is steadily lifting, wildlife emphasis has increased, alimentary tonss are exceptionally high, desire to deviate inflow H2O to other countries is turning, and in 2018 influx will significantly diminish under the Quantification Settlement Agreement ( QSA ) ( which will chiefly be funded through fees on the transportation of H2O between the parties involved in the QSA. The cost to the province has yet to be determined, pending the study to be prepared by the Department of Food and Agriculture ) . While these facts are unchallenged, a solution has yet to be implemented. And with the deadline nearing the urgency for action has increased, coercing replies to hard and alone inquiries environing the Salton Sea. Yet even with extended surveies, consensus remains hard. The graph below illustrates the salt of the Salton Sea. In 2017 with the recreation of H2O salt is expected to quickly increase, which will ensue in the disappearing of fish, and drastically change the Salton Sea ‘s ecosystem. Geography The properties that created the Salton Sea are the same 1s that have caused its debasement. The Salton Sea sits on a big salt sedimentation in a basin with a surface degree of about 230 pess below sea degree ( â€Å" Journal of Geography † , 2009 ) . This means that unlike most lakes which have an escape, the Salton Sea merely has influx. As a consequence all of the compounds come ining the lake remain after vaporization, which is about 5 pess a twelvemonth. Besides unlike the lakes which had antecedently been in the Salton Sink, the present Salton Sea is fed by manmade beginnings the bulk being agricultural overflow, which has unnaturally prolonged the life of the Sea. The Salton Sea besides sits atop the San Andreas Fault, and is surrounded by geothermic activity. Significance to Southern California Beyond the geology and geographics, the Salton Sea plays a important function in the planetary ecosystem. Before the development of Southern California there were many wetlands which provided halting countries for migrating birds going the Pacific Flyway. As the human population grew the natural balance shifted. The Colorado River which used to hold a exuberant delta country was siphoned off turning the one time resource rich country into a desert. Along with this, many of the Southern California wetlands have been developed. While this development has affected the Southern California part of the migration route, it is non entirely, many of the historic halting countries have been developed coercing the birds to either cohabitate or happen less suited adjustments. For the migrating birds the Salton Sea is a true oasis in the desert with over 400 species of birds holding been spotted, which is about half of the known North American species ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . Many of which are listed as protected or endangered. The Sea offers birds a privy resting topographic point with an abundant nutrient supply.Protected Speciess Found in or Around the Salton SeaaAFederally Listed SpeciessCalifornia Listed SpeciessFishDesert Pupfish Desert PupfishAARazorback ChumpBirdsBald Eagle Bald EagleACalifornia Brown Pelican California Brown PelicanACalifornia Least Tern California Least TernALeast Bell ‘s Vireo Least Bell ‘s VireoASouthwestern Willow Flycatcher Willow FlycatcherAYuma Clapper Rail Yuma Clapper RailAAAAAArizona Bell ‘s VireoAABank SwallowAACalifornia Black RailAAElf OwlAAGila WoodpeckerAAGilded Northern FlickerAAGolden EagleAAGreater Sandhill CraneAAPeregrine FalconAASwainson ‘s HawkAAWestern Yellow-billed FatheadAAWhite-tailed KiteABeginning: Program Environmental Impact Report ( PEIR ) At onetime some believed the Salton Sea was the most productive piscaries in the universe, while this is hard to quantify it is evident the sea holds tonss of marine life. In the late 1960 ‘s a California Fish and Game ( CFG ) survey conducted at the Salton Sea predicted fish reproduction would discontinue when salt reached 45 parts per 1000 ( ppt ) with current salt at 44 ppt ( I. Haydock, Ph.D, personal communicating, November 19, 2010 ) . This anticipation has proven true, as many fish species have disappeared from the Salton Sea, go forthing Tilapia and the desert pupfish. Along with a rich mix of wildlife, the Salton Sea represents the human environmental impact. The Sea which is maintained by agricultural overflow can be seen as a testing land for new environmental direction thoughts. Social and Economic Factors Like most issues, one of the most urgent factors confronting the Salton Sea is economic based. The Imperial Valley which uses the Salton Sea as a overflow depository has an estimated agricultural production of over $ 1.6 billion ( â€Å" California Farm Bureau Federation † , 2010 ) . What makes the Sea an built-in portion of this is that the Colorado River H2O used for irrigation has a high salt content. Harmonizing to the Imperial County Farm Bureau the sum of salt flushed into the Salton Sea is equal to 52,000 truck tonss yearly ( â€Å" Imperial County Farm Bureau † , n.d. ) . If the salt were to be left in the dirt it would be merely a few old ages before harvests would get down to neglect. Aquaculture has besides become dependent on the Sea. Aquaculture started during WWII and developed into a big market bring forthing over 10 million lbs of fish a twelvemonth ( Rafferty, 1999, p. 1 ) . More late the focal point of aquaculture has been on algae which non merely cleans the H2O but can besides be used to make biofuel. The Sea is besides host to ten geothermic power workss that produce a net end product of about 327 megawatts of energy that is sold to Southern California Edison ( â€Å" CalEnergy † , n.d. ) . While each of these industries are separate, they depend upon each other for endurance. The husbandmans need to leach the salt of the dirt, and in making so maintains the Sea ‘s degree. The geothermic power workss rely on the Sea ‘s H2O to power the steam generators for energy production. And the aquaculture industry relies on the het H2O from the geothermic workss to advance growing among the fish and algae. Socially the Salton Sea has an every bit of import axial rotation. While the shoreline towns have non seen a noticeable revival the Sea remains to be a big attractive force. On any given twenty-four hours there are people bivouacing, fishing, and loosen uping along its shores. Beyond diversion, the current Sea is commanding what could be an ecologic catastrophe. If the Sea is allowed to dry up, contaminations could go airborne, adversely affect the lives of 1000000s ( Schwabe et al. , 2008, p. 183 ) . A similar affect was seen in Owens Valley when the Los Angels Department of Water and Power ( LADWP ) dried the vale, damaging the ecosystem and harming the dwellers. While there are differences between the Owens Valley and the Salton Sea, the dangers are existent and would potentially impact the full sou'-west. Economically if the Sea is allowed to dry ; it means all of the industries which rely on the Sea have now changed. For the Imperial and Coachella Valleys this could be black. Human Health and Quality of Life During 50 ‘s, 60s, and 70s the Salton Sea was a finish for people who love H2O athleticss and diversion and with a population of about 15,000 ( today 400 ) it was a turning community. However, since so fish putting to deaths ( due to algae blooms ) , bird deceases ( due to Botulism ) , pollution panics, and implosion therapy has pushed people to travel and stopped utilizing sea recreationally. It should be noted the issues environing the Salton Sea are non merely environmental. They are besides economic and wellness issues, which affect the quality of life of the people still populating on the Sea ‘s fringe. For these occupants and the visitants the Sea country is a bare topographic point ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . Rehabilitation Ideas Many solutions have been proposed as to how best manage the Salton Sea. These thoughts run the spectrum from allowing the Sea evaporate and return to abandon, to delving a channel to the Gulf of California. While all of the programs have some virtue, many have liabilities that outweigh benefits. Of the solutions to have consideration there are two base outs, a full Sea and a partial Sea programs. The partial Sea program is presently the proposed best alternate and will be discussed in following pages. For a full Sea Restoration there are many challenges, one being the QSA which regulates the sum of Colorado River H2O California is able to pull. While a California allocation has been in topographic point since the Colorado River Compact of 1922, California has been able to pull above the 4.4 million acre pess because it was entitled to a per centum of the surplus. However, California is now being required to remain within its 4.4 million acre pess allotment, with an increased part traveling to urban usage as apposed to agricultural. This means that less H2O will be used to water which equal less overflow. So in order to keep the Sea, H2O from the Gulf of California will necessitate to be pumped into the lake, and H2O from the lake will necessitate to be pumped back to the Gulf, making an unfastened system with the ocean. This would stabilise the salt while keeping the bing Sea. While this thought sounds good, it comes with many variables and a high projected cost. In a study by the Pacific Institute such a program would be about $ 70 billion dollars ( Cohen, 2008, p. 132 ) and require cooperation of landholders and the Mexican authorities. Accountability Soon the Sea receives H2O from multiple beginnings: Whitewater River, Alamo River, New River, agricultural overflow, groundwater, and a fraction from rainfall. While these beginnings have been discussed, the Alamo and New river which originate in Mexico contribute to the Sea ‘s pollution. However, while these rivers cross the U.S. Mexico boarder the Salton Sea is clearly a province and federal issue. Many federal bureaus have besides passed statute law in relation to the Salton Sea including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Department of the Interior which passed the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 authorising financess to analyze salt direction ( â€Å" U.S. Bureau of Reclamation † , n.d. ) . While we know more about the Salton Sea now, California is taking a proactive function in protecting and developing the Sea, with the California Salton Sea Authority in the lead. What is an environmental policy? The present Salton Sea status is a apogee of many factors, from hapless sewerage intervention fouling the H2O, to the deficiency of media attending. Yet the authorities is devoted to developing a program which addresses environmental sustainability, preservation, population wellness, and economic growing. Over the last decennary environmental policy development and execution ( entirely or in concurrence with undertakings ) has shifted its focal point on digesting additions in sustainable usage, effectual direction, improved quality of life, and preservation of natural resources. Like other types of public policies, environmental policies set up the regulations that guide environmental determinations of houses and families in rural, agricultural, and urban countries. Environmental constabularies are designed and implemented for the express intent protecting and/or bettering environmental quality or natural resource usage ; by pull offing pollution and other human activity. Environmental policy should reform or alter the â€Å" regulations of the game † that guides behaviour of houses, farms, and families related to pollution and natural resource usage. Policy shapers in deferent degrees of authorities employ a assortment of inducements and deterrences to promote determinations that promote environmental ends and protect natural resources. A well-designed environmental policy should be cost-efficient, based on sound economic rules, achieve environmental aims, set up local ownership through engagement, and create institutional functions and duties which are consensual during the execution procedure. Environmental policies are non without their challenges. While the benefits of good conceived environmental policy are significant and easy recognized, policy alterations frequently require institutional reforms. A successful environmental policy should convey together taking scientific research workers, policy shapers, minds, and experts on the environment and wellness every bit good as proficient and legal experts, including national statute law, federal and province regulators, to portion their cognition and penetrations into the complex environmental and human wellness issues. It should be noted that, in the environmental policy doing procedure the usage of modern scientific discipline, engineering, and economic feasibleness tools are indispensable ( Stenberg et al, 2007, p. 265 ) . History of the Bill Up until his premature decease US Congressman Sonny Bono was a strong voice for the Salton Sea. As a local occupant, Mayor of Palm Springs, and subsequently a US Congressman, Sonny Bono understood the significance of the Salton Sea and was in the procedure of subjecting statute law when he died. Fortunately Newt Gingrich carried the measure which would be named â€Å" Sonny Bono Salton Sea Restoration Act. † ( Orange County Register, February 1998 ) . In 1998, Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 directing the US Bureau of Reclamation to develop options that would stabilise salt and lake degree while keeping the Sea ‘s usage as an irrigation drainage reservoir. Today, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program is a combined attempt fall ining Federal bureaus, State bureaus, local bureaus, stakeholders, and the general populace all working together to reconstruct the Sea ‘s ecosystem. In 2003, 40th District Senator Denise Ducheny presented the California Legislature with SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, Which directs the Natural Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game and the Department of Water Resources, to analyze and develop the best option for reconstructing the Salton Sea, one which would turn to the Sea ‘s ecosystem and human involvement. For Senator Ducheny the Salton Sea and the QSA have significance because her territory includes the Sea and many of the H2O bureaus involved. And while there is no grounds of parts from involvement groups, A Sea Restoration would pump 1000000s if non one million millions into the local economic system, while reconstructing a strong attractive force. The aims are to: 1 ) Make a sensible and sustainable home ground and ecosystem for the wildlife dependent on the Sea. 2 ) Minimize air quality impact. 3 ) Manage H2O quality ( SB 277, 2003 ) . The passage of SB 277 was dependent on the transition of both SB 654 and SB 317 which focused severally on H2O preservation mechanisms and the Sea ‘s ecology. Combined these three measures focus on issues straight impacting the Salton Sea, and supply support of up to $ 300 million dollars from the sale of Colorado River H2O ( Salton Sea Authority, 2004, p. 1 ) . The purpose of Senate Bill 277 ( SB 277 ) The purpose of the Legislature is summarized below: Restore and stabilise the Salton Sea, while making a strong ecosystem advancing wildlife wellness. The Restoration shall be based on the preferable alternate program developed from the Restoration survey and alternate choice procedure described in Section 2081.7. The Use of these financess should be made available in conformity with the old mentioned subdivision to be deposited in the Salton Sea Restoration Fund, and other financess made available by the Legislature and the US federal authorities. The preferable alternate shall supply the maximal executable agencies to reconstruct the sea. Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( SSRF ) SB 277 is intended to reconstruct the Sea which includes stabilising the ecosystem. Specifically, the measure establishes the Sea Restoration Fund which is to be administered by the Director of the Department of Fish and Game ( DFG ) . In 2003, the QSA which among other things addressed the long standing Colorado River apportionment difference between the Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority, and the Coachella Valley Water District. The QSA besides implemented Fish and Game Code Section 2931, which established the Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( â€Å" Bond Accountability.. † n.d. ) . The Legislature will pull off the financess which are intended to be used for: Salton Sea Restoration surveies, with a focal point on continuing wildlife. Create preservation techniques which will supply a balance between wildlife and Sea direction. Implement the agreed upon Restoration program. Manage Restoration activities. Major issues with SB 277 A ) SB 277 SB 277 is an amendment to the old measures which hold the State of California responsible for reconstructing the sea and establishes a mechanism for funding the Restoration. However, the measure fails to turn to these challenges: Economic primacy: The Salton Sea is non an environmental issue. It is an economic issue and one of the largest regional menaces. Atomization of American Political System: US atomization of Political system on this issue is an obstruction to efficiency and effectivity in moving toward work outing the job. Interest group instability: There are many involvement groups that are interested in the Restoration for different grounds, including conservationists, life scientists, folks, abodes, developers, applied scientists, and politicians. The most of import overarching value in public policy is the public involvement ( Pal, 2010, p. 3 ) . The policy rhythm: The policy rhythm includes job acknowledgment ( it should be noted that, the sea Restoration policy rhythm has given a long clip to the survey period in order to specify the job ) , policy development, execution and rating. However, policies seldom tackle individual jobs ; instead, they deal with bunchs of embroiled jobs that may hold contradictory solutions. To farther complicate this, complexness is besides increased with the size and breath of the job which is frequently comprised of sets of other possibly smaller jobs whose really interconnectedness makes them hard to grok and whose boundaries are hard to specify across and over clip ( Pal, 2010, p. 4 ) . The Salton Sea is a perfect illustration of a complex and interconnected job. Economically the Sea is a major driver for industry. Yet financially the Sea is a liability for the State of California which could be upwards of $ 14 billion in Restoration. It should be noted that, if the Sea is allowed to dries up, it would go an air quality catastrophe which would impact the economic system of the Coachella Valley. Furthermore, the Sea remains to be a delicate ecosystem, seesawing between â€Å" haven and hazard † as it softly evolves ( Cohen, et al. , 2009, p. 1 ) . The Sonny Bono Memorial Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998, the QSA and ordaining statute law, and the proposed Salton Sea Local Control Act flux one into the other, irrigating down the following piece of statute law. B ) The Many Parties Involved Multiple federal, province, and regional bureaus are presently tuning the best Restoration option for the Salton Sea. In add-on, the Salton Sea Authority Board of Directors includes: California Regional Water Quality Control Board Colorado River Basin Region 7, Coachella Valley Water District ( CVWD ) , Imperial Irrigation District ( IID ) , Riverside County Board of Supervisors 4th District, Riverside County Board of Supervisors 3rd District, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 5th District, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 4th District, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, Coachella Valley association of Governments ( CVAG ) , California Department of Fish and Game, Southern California Association of Government ( SCAG ) , State Resource Agency, and Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control. In add-on, a Technical Advisory Committee including life scientists, applied scientists, and environmental experts has been formed ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) .Me mbers of the Salton Sea Advisory CommitteeAFederal AgenciesBureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Environmental Protection AgencyTribal GovernmentsTorres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians Cabazon Band of Mission IndiansState AgenciesState Water Resources Control Board Colorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Board California Air Resources BoardLocal AgenciesMetropolitan Water District of Southern California San Diego County Water Authority Coachella Valley Water District Imperial Irrigation District Imperial County Riverside County Imperial County Air Pollution Control District South Coast Air Quality Management District Coachella Valley Association of Governments Imperial Valley Association of GovernmentsNongovernmental OrganizationsCalifornia Farm Bureau Federation Riverside County Farm Bureau Imperial County Farm Bureau Defenders of Wildlife California Waterfowl Association Pacific Institute United Anglers of Southern California Audubon California Sierra Club CalEnergy Operating Corporation New River Citizens Congressional Task Force Beginning: Program Environmental Impact Report ( PEIR ) With all of these bureaus keeping involvement in the Salton Sea, many have presented contradictory information, which has made developing a consensus hard. To assist with this a Technical Advisory Committee ( TAC ) which is comprised of bureau representatives each have a strong cognition of the Sea, and are supposed to supply counsel to the Board of Director ‘s. C ) A sea of contradictions: It is frequently written that the Salton Sea is a â€Å" sea of contradictions † ; it is both a oasis for wildlife every bit good as jeopardy for resident fish, birds, and other animals. Since the Sea terminal lake sustained by agricultural overflow, the influxs are both a approval and a expletive ( Cohen, 1999, p. 15 ) . The argument over how best to reconstruct this delicate ecosystem is non new. The treatment of dividing the lake into a northern salt managed lake and a southern seawater pool, which is today the Salton Sea Authority ‘s preferable option, received serious attending every bit early every bit 1974 as the sulphide odor from the fecund algal bloom rhythm and the subsequent fish die-offs began driving tourers off from the Sea. D ) Policy Issue The bing issues environing the Salton Sea are about to make a tipping point forcing determinations be made. If nil gets done in the close hereafter, the sea is predicted to slowly evaporate, and a new set of issues will be presented. A major obstruction is funding. In add-on, the concluding cost is hard to gauge because of the complexness of this issue. Presently there has been small way provided by the legislative assembly with respects to implementation plan including timeline. While a preferable Restoration program was scheduled to be delivered by the terminal of 2006, inquiries remain, and action has non been taken. The legislative assembly merely authorized the State to travel frontward with what has been proposed as the Salton Sea Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Project. The legislative assembly needs to give authorization to the State to travel frontward with a Restoration plan. The State has proposed a Restoration program which is similar to the Salton Sea Authority ‘s initial proposal. The federal authorities has besides come up with similar consequences. Because influx will be reduced all of the programs are partial lake Restorations. In December of 2007 the US Bureau of Reclamation issued the Restoration of the salton sea concluding study December 2007 in which the costs for the different programs was laid out. For the partial lake Restoration plans the estimated costs ranged from $ 9.2 billion to $ 14 billion in building costs ( US Bureau of Reclamation, 2007, p. 7-2 ) . In this program the Sea is divided into two chief subdivisions, each incorporating multiple zones. The north half of the Sea would be for diversion with the south half being for rehabilitation and home ground. By diminishing the organic structure of H2O by half, merely a part of the present influx will be needed to prolong changeless degrees. Water would so be circulated in a cloc kwise way and filtered through the marsh/habitat where it will be filtered. Throughout the Waterss path there will be intervention workss every bit good as pumping Stationss which will keep circulation ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . This program besides takes into consideration the many different industries that rely on the Sea. The geothermic workss will still hold entree to H2O, and wildlife will still hold plentifulness of topographic points to rest while migrating. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome, one being the projected costs. While this program offers a contained solution to the job, the effectivity and costs are non certain. Below is a map of the partial sea program from the Salton Sea Authority. The Department of Fish and Game is traveling frontward with this program as a halt spread step before a concluding program is approved. Salton Sean Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Undertaking SB 277 has strengthened the foundation, nevertheless, it does non see the size and clip for the sea Restoration undertaking. Presently the proposed Salton Sea Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Project size one time wholly build-out is expected to be about 2,400 estates, nevertheless, building clip and costs are dependent on the acquisition of land ( Salton Sea Update, September 2010 ) . In conformity with CEQA the California Natural Resources Agency is in the procedure of carry oning an EIR for the SCH Project. Besides because the SCH Project involves both State and Federal actions, a joint EIS/EIR will be prepared by DFG, under the way of the Natural Resources Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( Corps ) pursuant to CEQA and the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) . This joint papers is being prepared to optimise efficiency and avoid duplicate and is intended to be sufficient in range to turn to both the Federal and State demands. For the intents of the EIS/EIR, the State is to develop preservation patterns that will protect the Sea ‘s wildlife in conformity with Section 2932 of the fish and game codification, pull off the issue potency of incidental take mandate under the California Endangered Species Act ( CESA ) California, Section 2081, and oversee the Streambed Alteration Agreement under California Fish and Game Code, Section 1602. The U S Federal Government may publish licenses to modulate discharge into organic structures of H2O, which include watercourses, lakes, fens, and rivers [ State of California, Natural Resources Agency, June 21, 2010, Notice of Preparation ( NOP ) of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report ( EIS/EIR ) ] . Role of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy has an of import function in the sea Restoration procedure. It implements the written Torahs and regulations while supplying processs on how to implement the Restoration. However, the engagement of the many shareholders, bureaucratic ruddy tape and deficiency of consensus has hampered advancement. Size: Due to the high figure of organisations and entities involve within the procedure, it is about impossible to supervise everyone and every group. Ability of administrative officials: The people who administer the policy have huge measures of information to procedure with limited staff. In 1998 Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act. However, policy execution inside informations were non established. So in 2003 California passed SB 277 which assumed authorization by California to work out the particulars. Presently California is working with the Federal authorities and other bureaus in a Joint Powers Authority. Ethical Issues SB 277 is hard because no affair what is decided there will be inauspicious affects. If after the surveies have been conducted it is determined that Fieldss will necessitate to be fallowed, so the local economic system potentially suffers. However, if current flows are maintained SDCWA, CVWD, and MWD will non hold adequate H2O to run into turning demand. Conversely if influx is allowed to diminish there is the possible that wildlife could be adversely affected. The Salton Sea besides represents an ethical quandary, is reconstructing the Sea the best usage of public financess? This inquiry becomes peculiarly outstanding as the state is confronting economic troubles. After looking at the options, it becomes evident that in the instance of the Salton Sea Restoration is in fact in the best involvements of the province and state. International Relationss SB 277 does no straight mention any foreign states ; nevertheless, the consequences of SB 277 will hold a direct effect to both Mexico and Canada. As discussed earlier two of the major influx beginnings originate in Mexico. And although California can non necessitate Mexico ‘s conformity, it would be sensible to bespeak Mexico ‘s support in cleaning up the New and Alamo rivers. Presently the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) is working with the Mexican authorities to better the H2O quality of the New River by put ining waste H2O interventions workss, using over $ 40 million dollars in Mexicali effluent undertakings ( â€Å" Environmental Protection Agency † , 2010 ) . This non merely cleans the H2O fluxing into the Sea, but it besides provides Mexicali with a new beginning of drinkable H2O. Less straight the Salton Sea plays a planetary axial rotation in supplying a resting country for migrating birds. With most of the historic wetlands destroyed, the Salton Sea is the lone resting country in the part. The exact affect of fring the Sea is non known, nevertheless, it is agreed such a loss would damage bird populations. The ripple affect of this could be lay waste toing as full industries and ecosystems are based on the migration of birds. As we have witnessed in other instances, the remotion of one or multiple species from an ecosystem can compromise the full system. Successs and Failures Seven old ages after the passage of SB 277 the Salton Sea has seen small alteration. At a recent Salton Sea symposium many thoughts were presented on how to mange the Sea nevertheless no action had been taken. There was nevertheless, one point of consensus, which was that action needed to be taken instantly ( Gottberg, 2010 ) . So has SB 277 succeeded or failed? On many counts SB 277 has succeeded, it provided funding for surveies which have developed solid solutions, and it has provided a manner to fund these plans through the sale of H2O. While SB 277 has succeeded on many counts it has besides failed. In Section 1 Chapter 13 of the Fish and Game Code it states â€Å" Implementation of the preferable Salton Sea Restoration option † ( SB 277, 2003 ) . SB 277 transportations the load of the Salton Sea from the Federal authorities to the province. While this transportation might hold made action easier, a recent Superior Court opinion found the QSA JPA violated the California Constitution ( Imperial Irrigation District FAQ, 2010 ) . A cardinal point being the province committed to taking on an unacceptable sum of debt. The QSA officially acknowledged the State of California ‘s purpose to set about the Restoration of the Salton Sea. Necessitating the California Natural Resources Agency develop an ecosystem Restoration plan for the Salton Sea. After a really long and publically crystalline procedure, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program Preferred Alternative Report and Funding Plan were presented to the California State Legislature by the California Secretary of Natural Resources on May 2007. To day of the month, the Legislature has non acted on the preferable option for the Salton Sea Restoration ; nevertheless, it has appropriated support to get down work on the Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Undertaking. The State has begun the environmental analysis and technology design of the SCH undertaking, consistent with the â€Å" early start † habitat recommendations of the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Programmatic ( PEIR ) . In which the California Natural Resources Agency is functioning as the lead bureau for California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) conformity. The demand for California to implement the SCH undertaking is driven by the environmental jobs that exist within the watershed. Problems that are rapidly making crisis degrees and will be exacerbated by decreased influxs after 2017, the Salton Sea ‘s salt degrees continue to increase and are expected to transcend the tolerance of most fish species in the sea by 2018. These fish are critical to back up many fish-eating birds that are dependent on the Salton Sea. Suggestion In seeking to decode SB 277 it is necessary to see the many interactions. The thought of SB 277 is to reconstruct the Salton Sea, by: support surveies, implement preservation steps, administer the Restoration and direction, develop support, assess IID fallowing plans, and work with federal, province, and local bureaus, while working within the QSA understanding. On paper this Act is brief, but in content it is potentially monolithic. It is our belief that because SB 277 is so across-the-board, it fails to to the full accomplish its ends. After analyzing SB 277 we recommend the followers. The first suggestion would be to put in dated mileposts. Soon under the QSA 2018 is the tipping point for the Salton Sea. SB 277 lineations aims yet offers small way as to how and when programs and undertakings should be implemented. By making deadlines parties will be forced to make a consensus. The Second suggestion is to hold SB 277 create a high degree bureau to pull off the Salton Sea. By making a separate bureau to carry on research and implement programs there would be greater answerability with greater coordination. This bureau would necessitate the support of the province, local, and federal authorities, because of the complexness and engagement of many organisations. Third, the land below and around the Salton Sea needs to be unified. Presently the Sea remainders on private, province, federal, and tribal lands. This fractured ownership has created excessively many parties which need to hold. In the instance of the Salton Sea it would be sensible to hold the province authorities unify ownership making a individual voice. Most significantly SB 277 demands to make a sense of urgency in happening and implementing a solution. For many old ages at that place have been study after survey done, nevertheless, small to no action has been taken. In the interim the deadline for action is nearing while the treatment remains on what to make. Urgency and cooperation demands to be taken up by the involved parties so a to the full supported program can travel frontward. Decision The Salton Sea is soon at hamlets. Some believe the Sea should be allowed to dry up, yet others believe the full lake should be maintained via circulation with the Gulf of California, but everyone believes a determination needs to be made. This paper has examined SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, which was intended to supply sustainable solutions to the many challenges. However, as shown, small action has been taken. If the Salton Sea is to be rehabilitated, it will necessitate a conjunct attempt by all interested parties. To farther perplex the Restoration attempt, in September of 2010 Governor Schwarzenegger singed SB 51 a measure proposed by Senator Ducheny making the Salton Sea Restoration Council, which will be the State ‘s new lead bureau in the Restoration procedure, and is in with the Salton Sea Authority. This development has created new uncertainnesss, and will be interesting to follow.

Free Essays on Child Development

Child Development As children grow older they go through a process labeled as child development. Child development is defined as the discipline devoted to the understanding of all aspects of human development from birth to adolescence. Child development is more or less a new field of study and that is because of the viewpoints of children that were predominant before. For instance, historical perspectives influenced the view of children as miniature adults and burdens. The perspective of them as miniature adults were present more so in the middle ages when children were treated like adults, such as in their style of dress, their responsibility of work and sometimes even marriage and monarchy. The other perspective was of children being burdens instead of blessings. They were considered burdens because before modern day contraceptives, many children were unplanned for and unwanted, they only represented another mouth to feed and back to clothe. As times progressed though the view began to change thanks to psychologists and new laws that protected the welfare of children. Also, an influence on the field of child development was philosophies of the moral nature and development of children. Three major philosophies were original sin, the view of children being born full of sin and needing guidance to salvation from their parents, tabula rasa developed by John Locke, which viewed children as blank slates needing to be molded by their parents but treated with kindness and love, and lastly the philosophy of noble savages stated by Jean Jacques Rousseau said that children were gifted with the concept of wrong and right and didn’t need the interference of parents. Rousseau was one of the first to place emphasis on the idea of maturation, which is the unfolding of the genetically determined patterns of growth and development. Child development involves different areas of development that are genetically determined, such as physical, cognitiv... Free Essays on Child Development Free Essays on Child Development Child Development As children grow older they go through a process labeled as child development. Child development is defined as the discipline devoted to the understanding of all aspects of human development from birth to adolescence. Child development is more or less a new field of study and that is because of the viewpoints of children that were predominant before. For instance, historical perspectives influenced the view of children as miniature adults and burdens. The perspective of them as miniature adults were present more so in the middle ages when children were treated like adults, such as in their style of dress, their responsibility of work and sometimes even marriage and monarchy. The other perspective was of children being burdens instead of blessings. They were considered burdens because before modern day contraceptives, many children were unplanned for and unwanted, they only represented another mouth to feed and back to clothe. As times progressed though the view began to change thanks to psychologists and new laws that protected the welfare of children. Also, an influence on the field of child development was philosophies of the moral nature and development of children. Three major philosophies were original sin, the view of children being born full of sin and needing guidance to salvation from their parents, tabula rasa developed by John Locke, which viewed children as blank slates needing to be molded by their parents but treated with kindness and love, and lastly the philosophy of noble savages stated by Jean Jacques Rousseau said that children were gifted with the concept of wrong and right and didn’t need the interference of parents. Rousseau was one of the first to place emphasis on the idea of maturation, which is the unfolding of the genetically determined patterns of growth and development. Child development involves different areas of development that are genetically determined, such as physical, cognitiv... Free Essays on Child Development Child development is the most vital stage of development. The development of the brain and nervous system is very critical during the first year of life; it grows more rapidly than any part of the body. Physical development isn’t the only significant stage of development at this age; social development is also very important. Early attachment is the foundation for all other relationship throughout a person’s life. This was the reason a high quality day care like, Mommy Daycare, was created. Mommy Daycare is the place where your child would love to come to and you would love to leave them in. We have a low staff so that your young one is not overwhelmed with different faces and will feel comfortable with our caregivers. We assign one teacher for every three infants and one teacher for every four toddlers. Our system is set up this way so that each child would acquire the attention that is needed for social development. Our main goal is to assure that children feel comfortable and can emotionally bond with their caregivers. Our caregivers are warm, emotionally expressive and responsive to children. They plan age-appropriate activities so your children may mature in various ways. Early attachment is very important to us at Mommy Daycare. If a child does not have attachment at an early age, future relationships will never occur or will be very difficult to attain. It is also proven by (Cummings Kagan et al., 1992) that â€Å"securely attached children mature into popular, independent, socially skilled, and self-assured children. Insecurely attached children become children that lack curiosity, perform poorly in school, and are emotionally withdrawn.† Another important fact you should know is that finding studies suggest that placing children in day care after 2-1/2 years of age may be emotionally disruptive and require more adjustment only when their attachment behaviors are well established. We w... Free Essays on Child Development Its been stated, the concept of personality is a broad one. The personality theorist has an interest in what individual human beings think, feel and do including how the social situation affects and is affected by the individual. Personality theory is concerned not only with differences between individuals, but also with the basic processes of adaptation through which people interact with the conditions of their lives? (Ehrenreich 33). The development of personality has long been an area of extreme interest to psychologists and psychoanalysts alike. Because of this, many different theories of personality have developed over the years. From Sigmund Freud to B.F. Skinner, everyone seems to have not only an opinion of what personality is and how it develops but also an idea as to what is the best way to measure and report their findings. In order to test their theories, it was necessary to formulate methods of research that were effective, ethical and would provide a solid foundation for future personality research. Personality Psychology is the study of the whole person. The practice of psychology, which stems from a portion of philosophy that addresses the issue of behaviorism, evolved into a significant discipline of its own. Psychology eventually came to represent the very essence of mental performance and therefore, personality theory. Throughout history, there have been a number of modifications that have altered the direction of psychology as a discipline. However, this has not deterred the ongoing realization that there may be more to a particular personality theory than what has been passed down by the masters? In studying personality psychology there are four major themes used. Those are intrapsychic mysteries, interactive episodes, interpretive structures, and interpersonal stories. Intrapsychic mysteries are based upon our unconscious. It focuses on the forces in our daily lives that we are unaware of. Inter... Free Essays on Child Development Attachment in childhood is related to functioning in adulthood. Due to the dependency on their parents, children are raised to live by their parents, cultural standards of living. Following rules, helping care for elders and younger children, and most importantly staying with parents throughout a lifetime in order to help with agricultural businesses are common among eastern and Spanish countries. Children are raised with a fear of being disowned or denied by the family if these rules are not followed (Usita 2001). It is understood that if the children are disowned, they are left with absolutely nothing. Family, money and a â€Å"name† is all stripped due to the lack of respect placed on one’s family. Because of the strict living standards, these children who have now grown into adulthood are left to believe that they are in need of their parent’s acceptance, and therefore begin to raise their own children in the same manner (Tsao 2000). Their decisions are now t hat of a communal affair. They do not move away, In the story of the Japanese immigrant daughter who wanted to move away from her mother to attend college, her decision to move away was seen of abandonment and disrespect (Tsao 2000). It was explained that her mother had taken care of her own mother, which was something that was practiced culturally, and was a sign of respect and gratitude for the care and food that was provided when she was a child. Her care for her mother was not that of a hassle, but one that was due to every young person when their parents grew old. When Sou-Young decided to move away from her home and attend a school in another part of California, her mother did not see it as an accomplishment, but a sign of ignorance and disrespect (Tsao 2000). The idea of children forming an attachment upon their parents seems to be implemented in the good spirit of parents becoming dependent upon their children as they age, forming interdependence. I believe that d...

365 Professor Ramos Blog

The Informer-sider-viewer 24/7/365 Annotated Bibliography Staff, ProQuest. â€Å"Censorship Timeline.† Leading Issues Timelines, 2018. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com.This article covers how things were banned in the media field to show that it didn’t only start with music but started with banning books at first. I mainly use the example of the first pope who banned books that was not approved by the Vatican. SIRS is an academic website that has a lot of credibility with institutions and the work published, which they use ProQuest, another academic reliable website that is managed by scholars with masters degrees and above in each field they publish. Censorship. Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies, James Watson, and Anne Hill, Bloomsbury, 9th edition, 2015. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/dictmedia/censorship/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 25 Jul. 2018.This article covers who was affected by the things that were not censored before and how it affected them. I use this to show how different my research was from they information James Watson received when he did his. This reference comes from Credo a scholarly site that goes through rigorous nitpicking of what articles should be scholarly published. This segment is just for my filler in my video to show numbers. Kirkegaard, Annemette and Jonas Otterbeck. Introduction: Researching Popular Music Censorship. Popular Music Society, vol. 40, no. 3, July 2017, pp.257-260. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03007766.2017.1307656. This article brings forth the conversation to the â€Å"present.† What’s happening with popular music that we still air it on the radio with the bad words bleeped out. This article makes well-known artist in the music field due to Annemette having a PhD in Philosophy and in musicology. And since the artist are in our time period we get to know and discover ourselves about the artist and what they said to get that â€Å"Explicit Content† warning on their album. Her work comes in ebsco search without the full text, but if you go to the website provided you can view the full article without paying a dime.

Free Essays on Runaways

A Family Torn Apart â€Å"This ring I give you, in token and pledge of our constant faith and abiding love.† When reciting these vows to a loved one, an individual is committing oneself to a life long relationship which goes far beyond the lines of â€Å"dating.† For many this can prove to be a promise that is not always easy to keep. Whether because of infidelity, violence, or other reasons, separated families affect more than just the couple in the relationship. In Karen Brennan’s short story â€Å"Runaways,† we observe how physical abuse and infidelity leads to a family’s separation and the resulting destructive impact on family and friends. Physical abuse in a relationship is a key factor of failing marriages. Lou’s husband beats her so often, she is afraid to go to sleep. This is illustrated in Lou’s statement, â€Å"The night before I left, I lay on the living-room couch with the front door ajar in case he came down in the middle of the night in one of his furies. I was afraid to go to sleep† (Brennan 583). In 1999, Roger Sider, M.D. wrote the article, â€Å"Living Together Risky for Young Women and Children,† which talks about domestic violence and the risks undertaken by young women and children. In his findings he observes that the increase of domestic violence is a result of poverty, the easy availability of guns, alcohol and substance abuse, the glorification of violence in Hollywood, and the â€Å"macho† stereotype that equates masculinity with power, control, and domination (Sider). He also notes that one in every five women who are in relationships are assaulted. In Lo u’s case, she realizes that she cannot continue to fear going to sleep as she states, â€Å"this is no life† (583). Lou fights back in the beginning but she realizes what an unfair advantage her husband has over her. Some marriages may seem like they are perfect until one realizes that their spouse is having some extramarital encounters. In... Free Essays on Runaways Free Essays on Runaways A Family Torn Apart â€Å"This ring I give you, in token and pledge of our constant faith and abiding love.† When reciting these vows to a loved one, an individual is committing oneself to a life long relationship which goes far beyond the lines of â€Å"dating.† For many this can prove to be a promise that is not always easy to keep. Whether because of infidelity, violence, or other reasons, separated families affect more than just the couple in the relationship. In Karen Brennan’s short story â€Å"Runaways,† we observe how physical abuse and infidelity leads to a family’s separation and the resulting destructive impact on family and friends. Physical abuse in a relationship is a key factor of failing marriages. Lou’s husband beats her so often, she is afraid to go to sleep. This is illustrated in Lou’s statement, â€Å"The night before I left, I lay on the living-room couch with the front door ajar in case he came down in the middle of the night in one of his furies. I was afraid to go to sleep† (Brennan 583). In 1999, Roger Sider, M.D. wrote the article, â€Å"Living Together Risky for Young Women and Children,† which talks about domestic violence and the risks undertaken by young women and children. In his findings he observes that the increase of domestic violence is a result of poverty, the easy availability of guns, alcohol and substance abuse, the glorification of violence in Hollywood, and the â€Å"macho† stereotype that equates masculinity with power, control, and domination (Sider). He also notes that one in every five women who are in relationships are assaulted. In Lo u’s case, she realizes that she cannot continue to fear going to sleep as she states, â€Å"this is no life† (583). Lou fights back in the beginning but she realizes what an unfair advantage her husband has over her. Some marriages may seem like they are perfect until one realizes that their spouse is having some extramarital encounters. In...

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Risk Management - Essay Example But attention must also be paid to the risks. EHR are used by may different types of healthcare delivery systems, from hospitals to private practice. By definition, "To be defined as an Electronic Health Record, an electronic approach to collecting storing and manipulating data must be able to accomplish: collection of patient health information and data, results management, order entry management, and decision support" (Health, 2007). Although this system often makes dealing with patient records more orderly and efficient, some have raised concerns over how the process of keeping these electronic records relates to issues of patient confidentiality and privacy. Because there is so much more access to the information electronically, there is also more possibility that the information will wind up in the wrong hands. In many ways, this is an ethical issue that comes down to the individual using the EHR system. This comes from the perspective that a universal ethics is possible and also that it must be based on choice. This pattern of choice must start with the individual; there cannot be a group ethic that is in agreement without individual ethics. The individual healthcare professional is a person who must make choices regarding how to behave. This behavior can be broken down into two categories: the choice as it effects the society around the person making the decision, and the decision as it affects the person making the choice. An individual could make an ethical choice to respect patient confidentiality and keep this in mind when using EHR with passwords and encryption. They could choose whether or not to tell the truth. They can make an ethical distinction between giving and taking. The list goes on and on. Ethics is ultimately seen to be a personal decision that may or may not be effected by an external group or group philosophy. In this ethical mix, "As information technology expands throughout healthcare, opportunities for breach of confidentiality become abundant, from information left on the fax machine and patient data left visible on a computer screen" (Jenkins, 2002). Therefore, it is up to the individual professional to be as vigilant as possible, and work within a technological system in a way that shows responsibility and ethics. This issue is relevant because as mentioned, today's healthcare environment is one that is quickly changing as new technology is constantly being adopted, and this technology brings risks as well as rewards. Patient privacy and confidentiality also remain relevant concerns from an ethical as well as a legal perspective in the healthcare environment. In today's healthcare setting, "Computer systems designed for clinical use apply technology that is protective of data. In addition, an electronic patient record is backed up according to hospital policy' and as the chart is modified by caregivers, those changes are automatically saved and an audit trail created" (Conner, 1999). But at the same time, this efficient means of keeping data could lead to possible compromises in patient confidentiality, because even encryption and passwords are not fool proof security systems. Confidentiality is an important aspect of any client-professional relationship. It is intricately involved with issues of trust between the

Managing Innovation Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Innovation Technology - Essay Example This could range from solving a major technological problem through a significant research programme, to simply making some minor improvements to an existing product (IPENZ 2). One example of this type of innovation is the portable MP3 player. This is basically an improvement on the compact disc player. This was market-led as there was an increasing need by the market to have this device, due to the increasing availability of downloadable files, coupled with the relatively low cost. The second is technology-led innovation. This is where a technological breakthrough, often arising from market-led innovation in another sector, creates an opportunity for a new product or service, but one that the market itself has not yet recognised. A market then needs to be developed for this innovation (IPENZ 2). An example of this type of innovation would include the in-house stereo system that is being introduced on the new housing estates in the UK. This involves speakers built into ceilings in al l rooms of house, with the main radio control centre in a central location. This means the occupants of the household, can listen to their favourite radio station, music or television programme without having to take the radio or television with them. In terms of the service sector, innovation would include applications such as the Pay Pal payment system, which is an online payment system or even online banking.For innovation to be successful it has to fulfil a number of factors. It has to have market value and to achieve this there needs to be a close link with the marketing process. There is no point in producing products if the market does not value the innovation. The innovation must be unique and protected in order to prevent competitors making any gains on it. Successful businesses rely on processes that ensure regular and constant innovation as failure is bound to happen when reliance is placed on random innovations. More and more organisations are recognising the importance of managing their innovation technology, as there are massive gains to be made in terms of copyrights and intellectual property. More importantly, they stand to attract other market segments and recognition of their efforts. The processes being employed are also relatively simple, as they entail areas such as knowledge management, and instilling a culture of openness and innovation in the organisation. Good innovation systems also focus on recruiting and retaining highly skilled and trained staff, giving them access to knowledge and then encouraging and enabling them to think and act innovatively. An effective innovation system consists of a variety of factors. The organisation must have a culture that values innovation and where staff are encouraged to think differently and take calculated risks. This requires a change in the organisational culture, as innovation cannot flourish in a static organisation or one which is heavily centralised. For innovation to work, the organisation needs to adopt a learning culture. This is essential in the current environment as the markets are relatively more unstable than they have

Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing - Term Paper Example It is considered a revolutionary advancement that has been made in the field of customer services. The root of CRM process can be traced back in sales where CR managers study customer buying patterns and trends in order to match service levels to revenue expectations alongside satisfying the needs of the customers. The underlying rationale behind this management process is to bring down the rate of customer complaints thereby addressing their issues at the earliest and henceforth rewarding customer loyalty and maintain a high customer retention rate. In order to carry the process effectively special computer programs have also been designed. Driven by customer economics, companies have been implanting the CRM process for a long time. The CRM initiatives are directed towards formulating effective CRM strategies in order to support the overall business strategy as well as the sales and marketing department. A better coordination and synergy between these elements process proves that th e CRM process has delivered its promise of increasing the customer loyalty and maximizing the shareholder value (Raihan, Hamid & Akhir, 2013). The primary objective of CRM as explained by the author is to obtain a better understanding of customer requirements and preferences which are directed towards offering the customers with high quality buying experience as well as services thereby leading to customer loyalty. CRM system involves processes such as data warehousing and mining, online order tracking, multi-channel ordering system, call centre and so son and so forth are used as the means to deliver the expected result. During the age of mass production, business world involved competitions that catered to widen customer bases for companies by carrying out efficient production (Oztaysi, Sezgin & Ozok, 2011). New competitions and structural modifications in the process of exchange have led to the establishment of the relationship archetype for the creation of long term relationship s between suppliers and customers. The reasons that can be attributed to this fact are globalization of business, deregulation and internalization, shorter product life cycle, information technology advancements and the evolving association between customer retention and company profitability (Osarenkhoe & Bennani, 2007). CRM involves the planned usage of process, information, technology and people in order to manage customer’s relationship with the company thereby supervising the marketing, sales, services and support division of a company. This process is carried out across the whole customer life cycle (Tu & Yang, 2013). Customer knowledge is a crucial aspect that plays a major role in ensuring a successful CRM process. It is a critical asset and thus, proper collection, sharing and managing and sharing of customer knowledge can help a company to gain competitive advantage over its peers. However, over the past few years it has been witnessed that customer knowledge receiv ed very little attention while CRM strategies were formulated. Customer knowledge/data i.e. the knowledge from customers can be obtained by interacting with them in order to understand their needs and requirements in order to provide them with superior quality services (Khodakarami & Chan, 2013). CRM system comprises of a group of information sources that enables a company to gather, store and analyze customer data in order to provide an exhaustive view of their customers. As can be seen from the theories provided above,

The Victorians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Victorians - Essay Example I not only communicated through symbols, but also expressed my emotions through playing piano. The division of responsibilities was very significant; men and women recognized the difference in their roles and accepted the fact that even within marriage they were supposed to lead separate lives until their death. Unmarried women who got pregnant were highly disregarded in the Victorian era; they were considered not only conspicuous, but also a danger to the society’s stability. However, pregnancy of a married woman was highly valued because of the high position of babies after marriage. I remember a big celebration that was held by my father when I experienced my first menstrual cycle. I think he held the celebration because he knew he was going to exchange me for a good amount of money. He was the one that had the authority of deciding which boyfriend was to marry me depending on the money on his saving account. In connection with this, only women who were virgins were considered potential wives during my era. Virginity was an indication of not only purity of the woman, but also a significant bride price. Marriage in my era was also between couples from the same social class; a wealthy man married a woman from a wealthy family as well as a poor man married a woman from a poor family. To avoid shame associated with uncalled matches, my parents controlled my company. It was a result of this that I married a wealthy man that I did not love. Double standard was also acknowledged in my era; men were allowed to have many lovers considering that women were barred from ha ving any lover apart from the husband because they were believed not to have sexual energy. The guilty of adultery, as well as well pregnancy of an unmarried woman, meant not only shame, but also humiliation. Thus, I avoided by all means having any relationship before marriage as well as outside my marriage after getting married to my husband. Divorce was also not very common during my era. It

Marketign Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketign Strategies - Research Paper Example According to Neyman (n.d.), there are three fundamental strategies that can be used to maximize profits in a business: 1. Maximize every order’s dollar size 2. Maximize the frequency of sales 3. Maximize the volume of customers. Some of the useful ways in which each of these three marketing strategies can be implemented are discussed below: Businessmen should look out for ways in which they can increase their sales, without having to compromise upon profitability. One way to achieve this is by making use of the â€Å"buy one get one free† strategy. For instance, let’s suppose there is a businessman who owns a pizza hut. The businessman can achieve the three objectives mentioned above by offering the customers to have one personal size pizza for free upon purchase of a family size pizza. Then, when a considerable number of customers are able to make use of this deal, the businessman can upgrade the offer by offering the customers a family size pizza for free upon purchase of one family size pizza but with an addition of only five dollars. A customer loyalty program can often work wonders when maximization of profits is the goal. Such programs require the owner to provide the customers with a pre-defined discount upon shopping of a certain level. For instance, if a customer spends up to $100 at a shop, he/she can be granted a discount of 10 per cent upon the next order.

Gaps in academic achievement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gaps in academic achievement - Research Paper Example A critical investigation of existing literature reveals that the problem of educational gap presents numerous challenges to policy-makers. Many studies have examined the achievement gap between black and white students, the contributing factors and the underlying implications. The growing consensus that the achievement gap between black and white students persists even after controlling for various observable characteristics, has been contested.   In a survey that used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K), the latest data administered by the Education Department, Fryer and Levitt demonstrated that the achievement gap between black and white students can be eliminated by controlling for observable characteristics of the environment and school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The researchers asserted that the gap between black and white students widens once students enter school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The author’s main argument is that black studentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s underachievement is due to attending lower quality schools. The study is robust and compares results obtained in previous randomized studies with nonrandom sample frames. In a study that examined the extent to which family wealth affected test scores among young black and white students, Conley and Yeung (2008) found little evidence that the achievement gap between black and white students could be explained by wealth disparity. The researchers used data from PSID, a longitudinal study using a sample size of 5,000 participants (Conley and Yeung, 2008).

The Victorians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Victorians - Essay Example I not only communicated through symbols, but also expressed my emotions through playing piano. The division of responsibilities was very significant; men and women recognized the difference in their roles and accepted the fact that even within marriage they were supposed to lead separate lives until their death. Unmarried women who got pregnant were highly disregarded in the Victorian era; they were considered not only conspicuous, but also a danger to the society’s stability. However, pregnancy of a married woman was highly valued because of the high position of babies after marriage. I remember a big celebration that was held by my father when I experienced my first menstrual cycle. I think he held the celebration because he knew he was going to exchange me for a good amount of money. He was the one that had the authority of deciding which boyfriend was to marry me depending on the money on his saving account. In connection with this, only women who were virgins were considered potential wives during my era. Virginity was an indication of not only purity of the woman, but also a significant bride price. Marriage in my era was also between couples from the same social class; a wealthy man married a woman from a wealthy family as well as a poor man married a woman from a poor family. To avoid shame associated with uncalled matches, my parents controlled my company. It was a result of this that I married a wealthy man that I did not love. Double standard was also acknowledged in my era; men were allowed to have many lovers considering that women were barred from ha ving any lover apart from the husband because they were believed not to have sexual energy. The guilty of adultery, as well as well pregnancy of an unmarried woman, meant not only shame, but also humiliation. Thus, I avoided by all means having any relationship before marriage as well as outside my marriage after getting married to my husband. Divorce was also not very common during my era. It

Gaps in academic achievement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gaps in academic achievement - Research Paper Example A critical investigation of existing literature reveals that the problem of educational gap presents numerous challenges to policy-makers. Many studies have examined the achievement gap between black and white students, the contributing factors and the underlying implications. The growing consensus that the achievement gap between black and white students persists even after controlling for various observable characteristics, has been contested.   In a survey that used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K), the latest data administered by the Education Department, Fryer and Levitt demonstrated that the achievement gap between black and white students can be eliminated by controlling for observable characteristics of the environment and school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The researchers asserted that the gap between black and white students widens once students enter school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The author’s main argument is that black studentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s underachievement is due to attending lower quality schools. The study is robust and compares results obtained in previous randomized studies with nonrandom sample frames. In a study that examined the extent to which family wealth affected test scores among young black and white students, Conley and Yeung (2008) found little evidence that the achievement gap between black and white students could be explained by wealth disparity. The researchers used data from PSID, a longitudinal study using a sample size of 5,000 participants (Conley and Yeung, 2008).

Manifest Destiny Essay Example for Free

Manifest Destiny Essay In the 1840s the United States increased its territory to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This land was acquired through treaty, war, and negotiation. The opportunities of this large area of land offered in terms of resources and trade were great. The positive of M.D. do not outweigh the negative consequences. Manifest Destiny is a historic duty, in the 1800s the Americans believed that the manifest destiny of the United States was to expand to the Pacific Ocean. The United States started as costal colonies but eventually the fulfilled their manifest destiny and expanded buy conquering and purchasing land. The Americans gained more land by buying it from France in the Louisiana Purchase and they also acquired land by cession as they did in the Mexican Cession. Other ways of expanded their land was to take it by force; many settlers killed the Indians and stole their land from them. The Americans in the 1800s believed that it was the historic duty of their nation to expand to the Pacific Ocean. They believed that the land was rightfully theirs. They ignored the fact that the land was already occupied and began to move west. They did not recognize the Indians as people; they saw them as potential slaves, so they simply killed them and took their land. Much of the land was bought from France in the Louisiana Purchase, but other lands such as Texas, California and Oregon was not theirs. Using both military strength and negotiations, the US was determined to fulfill their historic duty. The main difference between the border issues of Oregon and Texas is the way these issues were settled. The Texas issue resulted in a war with Mexico, which gained land and lost soldiers. However, this did allow the US to gain more land than just Texas. The Oregon issue, on the other hand, was more peaceful. The US negotiated and made a treaty with Britain instead of going to war with them. However, both these issues were different ways the US gained land and expanded their nation.